Sumatra est une île indonésienne située sur l'équateur. Son nom vient de Samudra, un royaume musulman du XIIIe siècle dans le nord de l'île (en langue malaise, samudera signifie « océan »). Avec ses 473 481 km2, elle est la sixième plus grande île au monde, et d'une surface légèrement supérieure à l'Irak et compte 50 365 538 habitants.
Les principales langues parlées sont : aceh, batak, malais, minangkabau. La majorité des habitants sont musulmans, mais Sumatra compte aussi des protestants, catholiques, bouddhistes, hindouistes.
Sur un territoire qui s'étend des marais de la côte est de l'île jusqu'au piémont de la chaîne des Bukit Barisan vivent des populations dispersées en petits groupes qui se désignent elles-mêmes sous le nom d'Orang Darat, c'est-à-dire "peuples de la terre". chasseurs-cueilleurs semi-nomades, ces populations cultivent le sagou et troquent des produits de la forêt contre du sel et des métaux fournis par leurs voisins paysans sédentaires, Batak, Minangkabau et Malais.
Banda Aceh is the provincial capital and largest city in the province of Aceh, Indonesia, located on the island of Sumatra, with an elevation of 35 meters. The city regency covers an area of 64 square kilometres and according to the 2000 census had a population of 219,070 people. Banda Aceh is located at the northwestern tip of Indonesia at the mouth of the River Krueng Aceh.
The city was originally named Kutaraja, and determined as the provincial capital in 1956. Kuta Raja means "City of the King", in reference to the founding of the Aceh Sultanate from Champa origins. Later its name was changed to Bandar Aceh Darussalam or popularly known as Bandar Aceh, with the first part of the name coming from the Persian bandar (بندر) meaning "port" or "haven". Today the city is spelled Banda Aceh with the lost of "r" in "Bandar". The city is also dubbed to as the "port to Mecca", and Aceh is also referred to as the "porch of Mecca" (Indonesian: Serambi Mekkah), since in the past during the days when the hajj pilgrims travelled by sea, the hajj pilgrim from all over Indonesian archipelago traditionally always make a stop over in the city before continuing their journey to Mecca. It is also known that earliest Southeast Asian Islamic sultanates — such as Samudra Pasai — were first established in Aceh, which means Islam first arrived in Aceh before spreading throughout Southeast Asia.
Banda Aceh was not frequently the subject of international discussion until 26 December 2004, the day the Indian Ocean earthquake struck off the western coast of Sumatra. Banda Aceh was the closest major city to the earthquake's epicenter, and suffered further damage when a tsunami struck shortly afterward. It was the worst hit area out of all the locations hit. 167,000 people died and many more were injured. The tsunami resulted from an earthquake of magnitude 9.3 and struck at about 6:58am. The epicenter was about 155 miles off the coast of Banda Aceh.